Lysosome

 The main function of these microbodies is digestion. Lysosomes break down cellular waste products and debris from outside the cell into simple compounds, which are transferred out into the cytoplasm as new cell-building materials. Like other microbodies, lysosomes are spherical organelles contained by a single layer membrane. This membrane protects the rest of the cell from the lysosomes’ harsh digestive enzymes that would otherwise damage it. Lysosomes originate in the Golgi apparatus, but the digestive enzymes are manufactured in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes are found in all eukaryotic cells, but are most numerous in disease-fighting cells, such as white blood cells. Some human diseases are caused by lysosome enzyme disorders. Tay-sachs disease is caused by a genetic defect that prevents the formation of an essential enzyme that breaks down a complex lipid called ganglioside. An accumulation of this lipid damages the nervous system, causes mental retardation and death in early childhood. Arthritis inflammation and pain are related to the escape of lysosome enzymes.

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.:Lysosome:.

[|**Lysosomes**]  - The main function of these microbodies is digestion. Lysosomes break down cellular waste products and debris from outside the cell into simple compounds, which are transferred to the cytoplasm as new cell-building materials. media type="youtube" key="Sq3CUJlAnkY" height="344" width="425"

Break it down!

Lysosomes (common in animal cells but rare in plant cells) contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion. In white blood cells that eat bacteria, lysosome contents are carefully released into the vacuole around the bacteria and serve to kill and digest those bacteria. Uncontrolled release of lysosome contents into the cytoplasm is also a component of [|necrotic cell death].

The main function of these microscopic organelles is to serve as digestion compartments for cellular materials that have exceeded their lifetime or are otherwise no longer useful. In this regard, the lysosomes recycle the cell's organic material in a process known as **autophagy**. Lysosomes break down cellular waste products, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and other macromolecules into simple compounds, which are then transferred back into the cytoplasm as new cell-building materials. To accomplish the tasks associated with digestion, the lysosomes utilize about 40 different types of hydrolytic enzymes, all of which are manufactured in the endoplasmic reticulum and modified in the Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes are often budded from the membrane of the Golgi apparatus, but in some cases they develop gradually from late endosomes, which are vesicles that carry materials brought into the cell by a process known as **endocytosis**.



Lysosomes are common in animal cells. They contain hydrolutic enzymes, necessary for intracellular digestion. In white blood cells that eat bacteria, lysosome contents are carefully released into the vacuole around the bacteria and serve to kill and digest those bacteria. Uncontrolled release of lysosome contents in the cytoplasm can also lead to cell death. = = You will find organelles called **lysosomes** in nearly every animal-like [|eukaryotic] cell. Lysosomes hold **enzymes** that were created by the cell. The purpose of the lysosome is to **digest** things. They might be used to digest food or break down the cell when it dies. What creates a lysosome? You'll have to visit the [|Golgi complex] for that answer.

A lysosome is basically a specialized **vesicle** that holds a variety of enzymes. The enzyme proteins are first created in the rough [|endoplasmic reticulum]. Those proteins are packaged in a vesicle and sent to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi then does its final work to create the digestive enzymes and pinches off a small, very specific vesicle. That vesicle is a lysosome. From there the lysosomes float in the cytoplasm until they are needed. Lysosomes are single-membrane organelles.



**Lysosomes** are [|organelles]  that contain [|digestive enzymes]  (acid [|hydrolases] ). They digest excess or worn-out [|organelles] , food particles, and engulfed [|viruses]  or [|bacteria] . The [|membrane] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"> surrounding a lysosome allows the <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">[|digestive enzymes] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"> to work at the 4.5 <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">[|pH] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"> they require. Lysosomes fuse with <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">[|vacuoles] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"> and dispense their enzymes into the <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">[|vacuoles] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">, digesting their contents. They are created by the addition of hydrolytic enzymes to early endosomes from the <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">[|Golgi apparatus] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">. The name //lysosome// derives from the Greek words //lysis//, which means dissolution or destruction, and //soma//, which means body. They are frequently nicknamed "suicide-bags" or "suicide-sacs" by cell biologists due to their role in <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">[|autolysis] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">. Lysosomes were discovered by the Belgian cytologist <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">[|Christian de Duve] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"> in 1949. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">The size of lysosomes varies from 0.1–1.2 <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">[|μm] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">.[|[1][|]] At <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">[|pH] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"> 4.8, the interior of the lysosomes is more acidic than the <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">[|cytosol] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"> (pH 7.2). The lysosome's single <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">[|membrane] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"> stabilizes the low pH by pumping in <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">[|protons] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"> (H+) from the cytosol via <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">[|proton pumps] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"> and chloride <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">[|ion channels] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">. The membrane also protects the cytosol, and therefore the rest of the <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">[|cell] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">, from the <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">[|degradative enzymes] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"> within the lysosome. For this reason, should a lysosome's acid <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">[|hydrolases] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"> leak into the cytosol, their potential to damage the cell will be reduced, because they will not be at their optimum pH.

<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A membrane-bounded [|organelle], found in the [|cytoplasm] of [|eukaryotic cells], which contains digestive [|enzymes]. It acts as the "garbage disposal" of the [|cell] by breaking down cell components that are no longer needed as well as molecules or even bacteria that are ingested by the cell. The interior of a lysosome is strongly acidic, and its enzymes are active at an acid [|pH]. Lysosomes are found in all eukaryotic cells, but are most numerous in disease-fighting cells, such as [|leukocytes](white blood cells). Some human diseases are caused by lysosome enzyme disorders. Tay-sachs disease, for example, is caused by a genetic defect that prevents the formation of an essential enzyme that breaks down ganglioside lipids. An accumulation of undigested ganglioside damages the nervous system, causing mental retardation and death in early childhood. Lysosomes break down [|cellular] waste products, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and other macromolecules into simple compounds, which are then returned to the cytoplasm as new cell-building materials. To accomplish the tasks associated with digestion, the lysosomes use some 40 different types of hydrolytic enzymes, all of which are manufactured in the [|endoplasmic reticulum] and modified in the [|Golgi apparatus]. Lysosomes are often budded from the membrane of the Golgi apparatus, but in some cases they develop gradually from late endosomes, which are vesicles that carry materials brought into the cell by a process known as endocytosis. Like other [|microbodies], lysosomes are spherical organelles contained by a single layer membrane, though their size and shape varies to some extent. This membrane protects the rest of the cell from the digestive enzymes contained in the lysosomes, which would otherwise cause significant damage. The cell is further safeguarded from exposure to the biochemical catalysts present in lysosomes by their dependency on an acidic [|environment]. With an average pH of about 4.8, the lysosomal matrix is favorable for enzymatic activity, but the neutral environment of the [|cytosol] renders most of the digestive enzymes inoperative, so even if a lysosome is ruptured, the cell as a whole may remain uninjured. The acidity of the lysosome is maintained with the help of hydrogen ion pumps, and the organelle avoids self-digestion by glucosylation of inner membrane proteins to prevent their degradation.
 * Lysosome:**
 * Function and Structure of a lysosome:**



__(Simpiler explanation)__ <span style="border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; border-left-width: 2px; font-size: 0px; border-left-color: #0000ff; background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-color: #0000ff; vertical-align: middle; cursor: hand; border-top-color: #0000ff; border-right-width: 2px; border-right-color: #0000ff;"> Various [|organelles] labeled. The **lysosome** is labeled in the upper left.<span class="thumbimage" style="border-right: #ccc 1px solid; border-top: #ccc 1px solid; display: inline-block; font-size: 0px; background-image: none; vertical-align: middle; border-left: #ccc 1px solid; cursor: hand; border-bottom: #ccc 1px solid;"> <span style="border-top-width: 2px; display: inline-block; border-left-width: 2px; font-size: 0px; border-left-color: #0000ff; background-image: none; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-color: #0000ff; vertical-align: middle; cursor: hand; border-top-color: #0000ff; border-right-width: 2px; border-right-color: #0000ff;"> Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. [|Organelles]: (1) [|nucleolus] (2) [|nucleus] (3) [|ribosomes] (little dots) (4) [|vesicle] (5) rough [|endoplasmic reticulum] (ER) (6) [|Golgi apparatus] (7) [|Cytoskeleton] (8) smooth [|endoplasmic reticulum] (9) [|mitochondria] (10) [|vacuole] (11) [|cytoplasm] (12) **lysosome** (13) [|centrioles] within [|centrosome] The size of lysosomes varies from 0.1–1.2 [|μm].[|[][|1][|]] At [|pH] 4.8, the interior of the lysosomes is more acidic than the [|cytosol] (pH 7.2). The lysosome's single [|membrane] stabilizes the low pH by pumping in [|protons] (H+) from the cytosol via [|proton pumps] and chloride [|ion channels]. The membrane also protects the cytosol, and therefore the rest of the [|cell], from the [|degradative enzymes] within the lysosome. For this reason, should a lysosome's acid [|hydrolases] leak into the cytosol, their potential to damage the cell will be reduced, because they will not be at their optimum pH. You will find organelles called **lysosomes** in nearly every animal-like [|eukaryotic] cell. Lysosomes hold **enzymes** that were created by the cell. The purpose of the lysosome is to **digest** things. They might be used to digest food or break down the cell when it dies.
 * Structure - membrane bound bag containing hydrolytic enzymes**
 * - hydrolytic enzyme = (water split biological catalyst)**
 * i.e. using water to split chemical bonds**
 * Function - break large molecules into small molecules by**
 * inserting a molecule of water into the chemical bond**
 * Lysosomes** are [|organelles] that contain [|digestive enzymes] (acid [|hydrolases]). They digest excess or worn-out [|organelles], food particles, and engulfed [|viruses] or [|bacteria]. The [|membrane] surrounding a lysosome allows the [|digestive enzymes] to work at the 4.5 [|pH] they require. Lysosomes fuse with [|vacuoles] and dispense their enzymes into the [|vacuoles], digesting their contents. They are created by the addition of hydrolytic enzymes to early endosomes from the [|Golgi apparatus]. The name //lysosome// derives from the Greek words //lysis//, which means dissolution or destruction, and //soma//, which means body. They are frequently nicknamed "suicide-bags" or "suicide-sacs" by cell biologists due to their role in [|autolysis]. Lysosomes were discovered by the Belgian cytologist [|Christian de Duve] in 1949.